Teaching Strategies Integration Research Proposal

Showing Strategies Integration - Research Proposal Example He disclosed to us that the parent was very right, and that he had neglected to represent distinctive learning styles. He proceeded to state that lone the evaluation from that point on would check, therefore, since he felt it was unreasonable on the off chance that he forgot about any of the understudies. This is the means by which I attempt to show my own grown-up understudies, the two people. In this paper I will depict ten of my encouraging procedures produced for this reason. These now have various names. As indicated by the analysts who estimated the most recent examination on them, yet they essentially speak to the significant techniques for learning. All student utilize a mix of all, except for students who are deficient with regards to the utilization of at least one physical faculties. In any case, every student gains more from one of these than the others. So the educator who instructed math utilizing graph was just tending to the visual learning style, and the understudies who supported other learning styles were by and large forgot about. This graph is the most valuable for me when I am structuring exercises, as it incorporates Kolb's thoughts quite well, and incorporates each of the five of the strategies I referenced previously. In any case, it includes another measurement, that of system and cooperation. So attempt to plan every exercise with the goal that it incorporate chances to incorporate the entirety of this learning movement and each of the five learning styles. I don't generally present the exercise similarly, as every exercise requires something else to best impart it content. Be that as it may, sooner or later I present it in both visual and sound-related design. At that point I give a path to the understudies to talk about the material before allowing them a chance to apply the learning in some movement. For each exercise I give notes, however I don't generally hand them out toward the start. A few understudies take notes, while others simply tune in. All the understudies participate in the conversation meetings and the hands on exercises. Appraisal follows utilizing a lot of a similar example. I require the understudies to talk about the result, compose something

The Red Blood cells Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Red Blood cells - Lab Report Example of RBCs in one littlest square = 1036/5 = 207.2 No. of RBCs in 1mm3 undiluted = 207.2 x 10000 = 2072000/mm3 The Red Blood cell check as indicated by the improved hemocytometer is 2.07 x 106 mm3. As indicated by this perusing the individual is by all accounts frail which might be because of iron lack, folate inadequacy, hereditary clutters or invulnerable brokenness. The distinction between two readings could be because of numerous reasons. The high incentive in the subsequent test can be ascribed to insufficient cleaning of pipette, inappropriate blending or lopsided appropriation in tallying chamber. The low worth can be because of weakening of substance in pipette by salivation and utilization of non standard checking chamber and ill-advised spread slip modification. Mistake figuring can bring about both high and low qualities. Regardless of whether the subsequent worth is right the ladies is as yet iron deficient. To affirm the discoveries of the two tests a stuffed cell volume (P CV) or hematocrit test might be done which will give the right level of erythrocyte volume in the blood. Area B B1 I) According to the JNC 7 Report the BP perusing of subject N which is accounted for to be 125/78 is named prehypertension stage since it is more noteworthy than the endorsed systole breaking point of ? 120. Subject K then again will be named a patient of hypertension stage †I which has a systolic scope of 140-159 and a diastolic scope of 90-99. The perusing of subject K answered to be 150/90 goes under this class. ii) Mean blood vessel pressure (MAP) can be assessed through the accompanying equation MAP ? DP + 1/3 (SP †DP) Accordingly subject N has a MAP of 93.67 mmHg while subject K has a MAP of 110 mmHg iii) Auscultation : A marvel depicting the utilization of stethoscope so as to listen the inward hints of the body unmistakably. It requires extensive clinical experience and is a fundamental ability which is a piece of the assessment of three organ framewor ks of the body to be specific cardiovascular (heart sounds), respiratory (breath sounds) and gastrointestinal (gut sounds) Korotkoff sounds : A sound heard during the estimation of circulatory strain by a sphygmomanometer. The weight contrasts made in the sleeve brings about choppiness of blood stream which prompts the perceptible sound known as first korotkoff sound. Korotkoff sounds can be arranged into five kinds. First heard when the weight in the sleeve is equivalent to the systolic weight, second and third can be portrayed as mumbles and tapping sounds separately. Fourth solid is heard at 10mm above diastolic weight while the last korotkoff sound is heard at the exact diastolic weight. Oscillometric standard : Another strategy for estimating pulse. It utilizes a similar instrument yet also utilizes a transducer which gives the wavering readings of the blood stream. As the weight in the sleeve changes with concurrent development and compression of brachial corridor a wavering i s delivered. Hypertension : A clinical wonder demonstrating an expanded fundamental circulatory strain. Ordinary circulatory strain is portrayed as ? 120 systolic and ? 80 diastolic. By and large it is named essential and auxiliary hypertension with essential importance with no evident reason. Hypertension is a hazard factor for some illnesses and its control is important for a sound long life. iv) S1 and S2 heart sounds are delivered because of the conclusion of valves in the heart specifically the atrioventricular valves and the semilunar valves. Then again korotkoff sounds are delivered when the weight in the sleeve fluctuates and makes disturbance for the blood coursing through the brachial supply route. v) Though giving off an impression of being very comparative pulse means the occasions a heart contracts or various apical withdrawals of the heart which is estimated straightforwardly with an auscultation on the chest. Anyway the

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How to create a blue ocean in the marketplace - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4874 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction Currently many companies have to face the challenge of competing with steadily increased competition in their industries. This high amount of competition often leads to a high cost and price pressure which usually results in low margins for the companies. These markets are called the red oceans. One possibility to break out of these red oceans and to increase the margins for the company can be handled by creating a Blue Ocean. Such a Blue Ocean is a market space where the competition is irrelevant. Aim The aim of this paper is to explain how to create such a Blue Ocean and to discuss the degree of novelty of the Blue Ocean strategy. On the one hand this will be done by explaining the belonging theory. On the other hand two cases of innovative companies will be described and analyzed on basis of the Blue Ocean strategy. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How to create a blue ocean in the marketplace" essay for you Create order Blue Ocean Strategy Concept The market set is divided into two categories which are called oceans: Blue Oceans and red oceans. Red oceans are the known market space as it exists today, with all the various industries. Competitive rules are defined and barriers are clear and accepted. Competition exists among players to gain a bigger share; the more players are on the market, the fewer prospects for profit and growth is existent. Cutthroat competition turns the red ocean bloody.  [3] Blue Oceans on the other hand represent the opposite they are the unknown market space with industries that are not existent today. Demand is not created by competitive rivalry, because the rules of the game are yet to be set. There is substantial opportunity for profitable growth because of the deep potential of market space that is not yet explored.  [4] To be successful in economic performance most companies are laying the focus on competitive strategies, plenty of enthusiasm is spend on analyzing and outperformin g rivals. Using the vocabulary of the authors their focus is on red ocean strategies. In the future this will not be enough to survive; in addition to swim in a red ocean companies need to create Blue Oceans.  [5]  The following image illustrates the major differences between red and Blue Oceans. Image 1: Comparison of Red Ocean with Blue Ocean strategy  [6] Value Innovation The basis of the Blue Ocean Strategy is called Value Innovation. Competition is made irrelevant by creating value for both buyers and the company. Buyer value is created by the benefit and price that the company offers to the consumer; value to the company is created from the price and its cost structure therefore only if those two variables are aligned the strategy works. The innovation of a product/ service must create value for the market and eliminate features that are not valued by the current market. New and uncontested market space is made accessible by simultaneously differentiate and reducing costs. This strategy is contrary to common management strategies which propose that companies can either create value to customers at higher costs or create reasonable value at lower costs.  [7]  According to the authors Value Innovation is a strategy that embraces the entire system of a companys activities.  [8]  Image 2 illustrates Value Innovation. Image 2: Value Innova tion  [9] Analytical tools and framework There are three basic tools that will help companies to build a Blue Ocean Strategy. The strategy canvas The strategy canvas is a tool that helps to build a Blue Ocean Strategy. It highlights the current situation in the known market space and shows the offering level that buyers receive across several key competing factors. By illustrating these factors in a simple matrix a graphic description in form of a value curve is visible. This value curve shows a companys relative performance within its industrys factors of competition.  [10]  By illustrating the current situation of an industry the strategic focus can be shifted away from current competition to alternatives and noncustomers, a redefinition of the industry can be constructed.  [11]  Image 3 illustrates a strategy canvas with an example of an Airline. Image 3: Strategy Canvas  [12] The four actions framework This tool uses four key questions to lead to a new value curve: Which of the factors that the industry takes for granted should be eliminated? Which factors should be reduced well below the industrys standard? Which factors should be raised well above the industrys standard? Which factors should be created that the industry has never offered?  [13] The first two questions give an insight in how to reduce the cost structure in comparison to other players in the industry. Question 3 and 4 give insight into how to lift buyer value and create new demand.  [14] The eliminate-reduce-raise-create-grid This tool is supplementary to the four actions framework. It gives companies the possibility to act on all four questions answered before to create new value. The four factors of what to eliminate, reduce, raise and create are put in a matrix and by that scrutinize every factor the industry competes on.  [15] Formulating Blue Oceans strategies Reconstruct market boundaries In order to break away from the competition the first principle is to reconstruct market boundaries. The challenge is to find possibilities of Blue Ocean opportunities. During performing research across various industry sectors the authors found a basic approach to remaking market boundaries, the six path framework.  [16]  This framework is applicable in all kinds of industries and all are based on looking at data from a new perspective. These are the six paths: Path 1: Look across alternative industries Path 2: Look across strategic groups within industries Path 3: Look across the chain of buyers Path 4: Look across complimentary product and service offerings Path 5: Look across functional or emotional appeal to buyers Path 6: Look across time  [17] By analyzing each of the single paths companies will be able to get an insight into how to open up Blue Oceans by rebuilding market realities and leave behind conventional boundaries of competition.  [18] Focus on the big pictures, not the numbers The approach to the strategic planning process is based on drawing a strategy canvas, as it is explained in the section of analytical tools and framework of this document. A structured process for developing a strategy canvas has been developed, which is called the Visualizing Strategy.  [19]  As the name implies, this process uses visual stimulation with the purpose to unlock peoples creativity. The main focus here is laid on the big picture rather than on defined numbers and operational details.  [20] Reach beyond existing demand To achieve a maximization of the size of the Blue Ocean you are creating the focus should be laid on two things: The analysis of non-customers and finding out strong similarities of what buyers value.  [21]  This is a reversed approach to common strategies, where the focus is on customers and customer differences. The three tiers of non customers The challenge is to find out who the non-customers are and get a deep understanding of them. The authors describe three tiers of non-customers that eventually can be transformed into customers. The first tier of non-customers is closest to your market and would stay and increase their frequency of purchases if a leap in value would be offered to them. These non-customers also referred to as soon-to-be.  [22]  The second tier of non-customers is further away from your market and aware of offerings in it but has consciously voted against them. These non-customers are also referred to as refusing.  [23]  The third tier of non-customers is farthest from your market and has never considered its offerings as an option. These non customers are also referred to as unexplored.  [24] By analyzing each of the three tiers an understanding of the non-customers can be developed to attract them into your market and expand your Blue Ocean.  [25] Get the strategic sequence right The fourth principle of Blue Ocean Strategy focuses on the challenge to build a sustainable business model that will make profit on your Blue Ocean idea. The idea here is to use sequences and key criteria within a sequence to reduce business model risk.  [26]  Each sequence has a key question that has to be asked. If answered with no the sequence has to be reshaped. If answered with yes one can move on to the next sequence. The four sequences are: Buyer utility: Is there exceptional buyer utility in your business idea? Price: Is your price easy accessible to the mass of buyers? Cost: Can you attain your cost target to profit at your strategic price? Adoption: What are the adoption hurdles in actualizing your business idea? Are you addressing them up front?  [27] With this sequencing as a starting point further analyzing of strategic pricing, target costing and finally the profit model is developed.  [28] Executing Blue Ocean Strategy Overcome key organizational hurdles The challenge to execute the strategy of Blue Oceans is significant, since there are changes made from the conventional way of doing things. The authors present four common hurdles in the execution: The cognitive-, political-, motivational- and resource hurdle. Dealing with those challenges in form of hurdles with tipping point leadership is the key to make Blue Ocean Strategy happen in action.  [29] Build execution into strategy The sixth principle of the Blue Ocean Strategy is about building commitment and trust into the strategy from the start. The focus is laid on a fair process as a key variable that distinguishes successful Blue Ocean Strategy moves from those that failed.  [30] Case analysis In this section, we intend to describe and analize two cases of innovative companies (Virgin Galactic and Petrobras) based on the Blue Ocean theory. Virgin Galactic Description of Virgin Galactic Virgin Galactic is a company which belongs to the Virgin Group. This group was founded 1970 by Sir Richard Branson and is one of the leading brand venture capital organizations of the world. The group has created more than 300 branded companies in a variety of different industries, employs around 50,000 people and generated revenue of approx. US$ 18 billion in the year 2009.  [31]  Based on them the success of this group derives from the power of the Virgin name, Richard Bransons personal reputation; our unrivalled network of friends, contacts and partners; the Virgin management style; the way talent is empowered to flourish within the group.  [32] The Virgin Galactic company has the aim of making private space travel available to everyone by creating the worlds first commercial spaceline.  [33]  Virgin Galactic will create, own and operate spaceships, the SpaceShipTwo. To achieve this goal the Virgin Group uses it experiences in aviation, adventure and luxury travel c ombining with the technology developed by Burt Rutan. The company was founded in the year 2004 and is located in New Mexico. The SpaceShipOne became the first private spaceship with high altitude-flights in the year 2004. The successor of this technology, the SpaceShipTwo, has seats for two pilots and six passengers. Every passenger has to pay US$200.000 with a deposit ofUS$20,000. At the moment 340 passengers have registered for this service.  [34]  So far 450 people have ever been to space, the goal of Virgin Galactic is to take 1,000 people to space within the first year of commercial operation.  [35]  The first commercial flight shall start in the year 2012.  [36] The mothership of the SpaceShipTwo, the WhiteKnightTwo, will take the SpaceShipTwo to a height of about 16km and then release it. At that point the rockets of the SpaceShipTwo will boost and bring it to a height of about 100km.  [37]  There it will fly for about five minutes in which the passenge rs have a magnificent view at the earth and can enjoy weightlessness. Afterwards the space ship will decrease the altitude and land at its base in New Texas. The first flying tests of the WhiteKnightTwo were executed successfully and the SpaceShipTwo completed the first manned glide flight in October 2010.  [38] At current stage the company Blue Origin which is based close to Seattle is also working on a private space ship.  [39] Analysis of Virgin Galactic The analysis will start by discussing the Value Innovation of Virgin Galactic. So far tourism in space was available for seven specific persons who paid in average US$ 25 million for staying about 14 days at the ISS.  [40]  The clear buyer benefit of Virgin Galactic is to make this tourism available for nearly everybody who can afford paying the US$200,000 which is less than 1% of the price so far. Moreover, these space trips also add value to Virgin Galactic as it will earn US$200,000 for every passenger having already 340 on the waiting list. Virgin Galactic clearly succeeded in creating a Value Innovation. In the following the strategy canvas for Virgin Galactic will be developed to see the value curve in comparison to its competitor the stay at the ISS.  [41] As principal factors the following was defined: price, safety, request for personal attributes and easy preparation for the trip.  [42]  As seen in image one the Virgin Galactic company enables a much mo re comfortable and convenient stay as the previous tourism on the ISS. This is also based on the lower requirements a person has to fulfill to be able to execute this tourism and the lower time-investment. Image 4: Strategy Canvas of Virgin Galactic  [43] Considering the four action framework Virgin Galactic reduced the costs by eliminated the factors that a stay in space has to be combined with a long duration and cost-intensive stay at the ISS and with cost-intensive rocket starts. Furthermore, they created the factor that nearly everybody would be able (from physical requirements  [44]  ) to go to space with a low time-investment and a comparably low amount of money. They increased the convenience of space-tourisms to a very high extent. In conclusion, they managed to dramatically reduce the costs while increasing the perceived value of the passengers which are interested in some minutes of weightlessness and seeing the earth from the space. Virgin Galactic also concentrated on the so called non-customers as the total number of customers was seven so far. They identified the implicit wish of most people to go to space once. Organizational hurdles The cognitive hurdle cannot be applied as Virgin Galactic did not start in a red ocean but directly entered the Blue Ocean with the start of the company. The hurdle resources will probably be not a big burden as the first flying tests went successful, customers on the waiting list already paid close to US$7 million as deposit and Sheikh Mansour invested US$280 million in this business.  [45]  Furthermore, the Virgin Group and the state of New Mexico are supporting this business. The motivation of the employees and managers is high which is also pushed by Richard Branson personal interest in the success of this company.  [46]  The political hurdle could be implemented by making new laws for required safety standards. But already in 2004 the US congress passed a law which allows passengers to fly into space with the understanding that these vehicles might not be as safe as regular airplanes. Furthermore, the governor of New Mexico supports this company  [47]  and the Virg in group has a high political power. In conclusion all the hurdles were passed successfully by Virgin Gallactic. Build execution into strategy From the beginning Richard Branson declared the vision of this company to make private space travel year 2004. Conclusion In final conclusion, Virgin Galactic entered a Blue Ocean from the beginning. It decreased the costs and made space travel available to everyone by creating the worlds first commercial spaceline. Virgin Galactic works towards this clear vision with having the first commercial flights very likely eight years after its foundation in the previous tourism in space and increased the value of it by leveraging especially the convenience for the customers. Moreover, it went beyond known customer space by offering this service for less than 1% of the costs so far. It managed the organizational hurdles and created a strong vision from the start. Although other companies as e.g. Blue Origin try to create space tourisms this ocean is deep blue so far for Virgin Galactic. Petrobras Description of Petrobras Petrobras was established on October 3, 1953 by the president of Brazil, Getà ºlio Vargas, to undertake oil sector activities in the country. In the early 1970s, the members of the Organization of the Oil Exporting Countries (OPEC) rose the international prices substantially, triggering the so-called Oil Shock. As a result, the market was troubled and marked by uncertainty. In order to overcome the difficulties, the Brazilian government adopted economic measures in order to overcome the supply of oil. Some examples of these measures were the encouragement for use of ethanol as automotive fuel and prioritizing offshore exploration and production. With the measures, the government intended to reduce the dependency on importing a very expensive product and to create an industry to create jobs and exports. These tasks where given to Petrà ³leo Brasileiro (Petrobras) for being executed.  [48] Producing ethanol for powering the nation 1975 marks the beginning of the production of Ethanol by Petrobras in Brazil aiming to drive the large-scale substitution of oil based vehicular fuels for biofuels. Substituting gasoline for ethanol (produced from sugarcane and manioc) led to 10 million fewer gasoline fuel cars running in Brazil, reducing the countrys dependence on imported oil.  [49] Today Brazil is recognized as the world leader in the production of ethanol for industrial purposes, based on the most advanced agricultural technology for sugarcane cultivation in the world and to the amount of arable land available in the country. In 2010, the Brazilian ethanol produced by Petrobras was designated as one of the most advanced biofuels due to the 61% reduction of green house gas emissions.  [50] Pioneering in deep waters In 1984 the company discovered one of the biggest reserve in deep water ever registered in the world. The Albacora field was discovered; proving the existence of giant fields nestled at great depth in Brazil. This marked the beginning in deepwater exploration for the company. By 1986 the company, which until then purchased technology, was faced with the challenge of producing oil at a depth of 400 meters. After surveying the market and finding out there was no technology available for this depth, the company decided to invest in developing new technologies. This was an extremely ambitious project, since, at the time, Petrobras had been exploring at depths of 150 meters and had plans for 1000 meters by 1990. This project turned out to be a great success and the company is currently the global leader in this area. By 2005, Petrobras sets the record of drilling depth with a sloped that reached 6915 meters beyond the bottom of the sea.  [51] Petrobras achieves self sufficiency In 2006 Brazil became a self-sufficient country in oil and gas production. With an average of 1.9 million barrels per day, Brazil went on to exporting more oil and oil products than it imported. It was like a dream came true, only possible because of the technological efforts and dedication of the employees. Since this point, Petrobras is the most profitable company in the Brazilian economy, being recognized as the eighth biggest oil exploring company in the world.  [52] In the upcoming years, Petrobras intends to invest in using and developing new renewable energy sources. The portfolio of new projects includes wind, solar and water energy sources and fuel hydrogen. The intention is to reduce even more the dependency on oil, delivering the necessary energy sources to Brazil in order to sustain the intended growth of the upcoming years. Analysis of Petrobas Petrobras success can be summed up in one word and that word is innovation. This company faced the challenge of turning one of the biggest countries in the Americas from a big consumer of imported oil to self sufficient in oil and gas production. This strategy was based on focusing on the big picture (producing its own oil and become an exporter of petroleum) rather than finding a temporary solution for importing oil in the 70s, when the biggest crisis of oil prices occurred. Value Innovation They broke away from the competition by reconstructing market boundaries. For each challenge they faced, they were able to create and develop the necessary technology that didnt exist in the market, becoming a leader in deepwater oil drilling. They reached beyond their existing demand by having more oil available than they need for their own consumption. They also created value to the country by reducing the amount of CO2 in 61% emitted by cars and public transportation thanks to the introduction to ethanol and biodiesel. Brazil became a more efficient country thanks to the use of their natural resources for powering the nation. By mixing ethanol with oil, Petrobras has managed to increase the value for customers by creating a reduction of oil prices  [53]  and by guaranteeing the oil supply they reduced the dependency on foreign companies. Strategy canvas We have decided to explain the differences between the two largest producers of Ethanol in the world, Brazil and U.S.A. As we have mentioned before, Petrobras is the only company responsible for the production and distribution of ethanol in Brazil. Image 5: Stragegy Canvas Petrobas  [54] As we can see in the figure xx, Brazil is the second largest producer of Ethanol in the world (6,500 million gallons in 2009  [55]  ) behind the United States (10,900 million gallons in 2009  [56]  ). But, the total area used by Brazil for cultivating their sugar cane (3.6 million hectares  [57]  by 2006) is far less than the land used by the United States (10 million hectares  [58]  in 2006). This means that the productivity per hectare is superior in Brazil than in the United States. Another important thing to mention is that thanks to the mixture of Ethanol and oil in Brazil, green house gas reduction has been reduced considerably (89%  [59]  ), increasing the valu e the company gives to their customers. Organizational hurdles The hurdles are based on the theory mentioned in the first section of this project. During the oil crisis of the 70s, the company faced the challenge of completely changing the paradigm of production. In the cognitive hurdle, we can say that the employees understood completely the need of the company and were able to transform the company. In the second hurdle resources, we can say that the company successfully understood that they needed to invest a great amount of resources in RD in order to increase the efficiency of the production of ethanol and also to raise the drilling depth for oil extraction. Motivating employees on a thirty-year-old project has been an enormous challenge for the company. They have managed to succeed by achieving small goals each year, increasing the level of satisfaction and trust towards the leadership of the company. Finally, the political hurdle was managed correctly due to the implications of the transformation project, involving the government, the management and employees of the company. Build execution into strategy As we mentioned before, the strategy was clear from the beginning: Reduce the dependency of oil and turn the country into a self-sufficient country. The facts speak for themselves, the whole company aligned in order to achieve the goal and it is an example on how to implement the Blue Ocean strategy. Conclusion So, why can the strategy of Petrobras be considered a Blue Ocean strategy? First of all they focused on creating value for the country by reducing the amount of oil imported and gaining self-sufficiency. As a consequence, they were able to reduce considerably the prices of gasoline in Brazil and the dependency of external factors to develop the country. They achieved this goal by innovating in ways to reduce consumption of oil (alternative fuels like ethanol and biodiesel) and exploit the potential the country had in its coasts, regardless the technology available at the times. In the last twenty years, Petrobras has become a key player in the success of Brazil to achieve development. The upcoming years for this company look really bright, thanks to the investment they are doing on other alternative means to produce electricity (water, solar and wind), improve the efficiency of alternative fuels and by creating the necessary technology for increasing the depth for deepwater dril ling for oil. Discussion In the following the degree of novelty of the Blue Ocean strategy and the general criticism about this theory will be discussed. Analyzing the degree of novelty in the Blue Ocean Strategy The book The Blue Ocean Strategy was first published in 2005 and according to the two authors based on more than 15 years of research in various dimensions of this business topic and 150 successful strategic moves spanning.  [60] As we read above the Blue Ocean Strategy aims at creating new demand in an uncontested market space. This is done by reducing the factors of competition and offering new value to the buyer and company itself. The question is is this really a new idea or does it just put together components existent in theory of management of radical/disruptive innovations? To be able to answer this question we first have to look at the existent theory. The origin of the disruptive innovation model is found in Christensens research and studies at Harvard which he published for the first time in 1997.  [61]  He defines disruptive innovation as follows: An innovation that creates a new (and unexpected) market by applying a different set of values .  [62] He distinguishes between two types of disruptive innovations: Low-end disruption: Targets customers who do not need the full performance valued at the high-end of the market. New-market disruption: Targets customers who have needs that were previously unserved by existing incumbents.  [63] The performance improvement provided in the market has a different trajectory than the trajectory of performance improvement that the customer really wants. Innovators can reach those customers by offering a new set of performance value attributes that are more relevant to the target customer.  [64] Christensen originally used the word disruptive technology but changed it to disruptive innovation to set the focus of the strategy to the business model rather than on the technology.  [65]  This means that the disruptive impact a technology has gets enabled by an innovative business model. Disruptive innovation requires a separate strategy process than regular incremental innovation.   [66] Comparing Christensens definition of disruptive innovation and the main goals of the Blue Ocean Strategy it becomes clear that there is no radical degree of novelty existent. Blue Ocean Strategy aims at creating new demand in an uncontested market space  [67]  , whereas Christensen defines it by creating a new and unexpected market  [68]  . One can say that those two definitions have the same meaning. Blue Ocean Strategy wants to offer new value to the buyer  [69]  , whereas Christensen talks about offering a new set of performance value that is more relevant to the target customer  [70]  . Again, the meaning of the two definitions is exactly the same. Another similarity can be seen in both strategies aiming to focus on the business model and the strategy process: The challenge to build a sustainable business model  [71]  , and Value Innovation is a strategy that embraces the entire system  [72]  (Blue Ocean Strategy) versus Disruptive innovation requires a separate strategy process than regular incremental innovation  [73]  (Christensen). As one can see above, the metaphor of Blue Oceans is new, but the concept is not. Christensens model of disruptive innovation was well established before the authors of Blue Ocean Strategy published their findings. But Kim and Mauborgne tried to take a different approach in their tools and frameworks they use for executing the strategy. So consequently one can say that Blue Ocean Strategy might be a good additional insight to strategies for disruptive innovation management. But it should always be kept in mind that the basic thought of the theory was existent already. General criticism On a general bases, it is difficult to find companies that have successfully accomplished to use the Blue Ocean strategy  [74]  . It is not a proven methodology to assure success and some companies only use parts of the theory to complement their general strategy  [75]  . Although, the Blue Ocean strategy gives a basic structure in order to develop a more innovative company. The writers of the book highlight some cases of success, but they dont explain cases in which their theory failed in order to learn from the mistakes made by the company during the execution of the strategy. This will definitely help some companies and entrepreneurs to avoid some common mistakes, improving the hypothesis that the authors are promoting. Secondly, the authors try to mold the accomplishment of some companies to their theory, creating a blur scenario in which readers can fall to believe that the Blue Ocean strategy is the key to success in a market filled with similar companies. It is also argued that the authors have not discovered some new radical strategy to increase innovation in companies  [76]  . We tend to believe that the authors just joined different ideas in one book, creating a compendium of stories and hypothesis to explain the success of some companies that did things in a different way. Conclusion The theory of the Blue Ocean strategy shows that it is important to create Value Innovation in order to achieve a Blue Ocean. This should be mainly done by creating value for the customer as well as for the company itself. The two case-studies of innovative companies illustrated the usage of this Value Innovation and how these companies successfully entered a Blue Ocean. Nevertheless, the discussion demonstrated that this is not a totally new concept but more a renaming and reframing of the disruptive innovation concept. Furthermore, the Blue Ocean strategy might not work for every business, as it was mainly developed using the examples of successful companies and adapting this strategy towards them.

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1010 Words

They say that marijuana is natural, calms one down, and gives a good satisfying feeling. They also say that marijuana is not as dangerous as Marijuana is a huge issue in today society. With the new liberal government in place, Trudeau takes an irrational lead in legalizing marijuana. Marijuana contains an active ingredient, THC, which is responsible for the psychological effects of marijuana. The THC binds to the receptors in the brain and influence one’s memory, concentration, mood etc. If marijuana is already a nuisance in today, while it is illegal imagine the danger that come from the legalization of marijuana. Personally, I knew people in high school, who would smoke marijuana during normal school . In class, they would always being†¦show more content†¦The use of marijuana should remain illegal due to its dangers on social safety, the dangers of people’s health, and the effects on young individuals. The use of marijuana has injurious health effects, and the injurious health effects are a severely barrier with the legalization of marijuana in Canada, and will continue influence Like alcohol, the use of marijuana is addictive, â€Å"8.9% of cannabis users would become dependent at some time in their life.† (Lopez-Quinterio et al, 2011). This contradicts the claim made by several marijuana users is that it is not addictive. In 2014, 4.176 million individuals were found to abuse or be dependent on the drug. Of those 4.176 million individuals that abuse and/or drug, only 138,000 people were voluntarily seeking treatment for their addiction. Another popular belief of regular users is that marijuana is natural and safe. During pregnancy, the use of marijuana leads to increased risks of brain and behaviour problems in babies. Furthermore, traces of THC can be found in breast milk, which when fed to child, can lead to psychological and behaviour problems. Long term mental illnesse s linked to marijuana include, hallucinations, paranoia, and even further, schizophrenia. Marijuana also causes damage to the heart. â€Å"The moment that THC enters your system, your heart rate surges, and your blood pressure levels swing†. Furthermore, â€Å"up to a five-fold increase in

The Appearance and Development of Haitian Creole Free Essays

string(38) " television and even some newspapers\." The Appearance and Development of Haitian Creole As written in Jacques Arends’ â€Å"Pidgin and Creole: An Introduction,† Haitian Creole first originated from a pidgin. With time, this pidgin gradually developed into a creole, later on becoming the co-official language of Haiti. Haitian Creole may be recognized as one of the official languages, along with French, however there are negative associations linked with this creole. We will write a custom essay sample on The Appearance and Development of Haitian Creole or any similar topic only for you Order Now For instance, the stereotypical view of a speaker of Haitian Creole still remains as one who is black, poor, and uneducated. Slowly however, things are changing; Haitian Creole is becoming more accepted and the knowledge of its existence is growing as its speakers spread across the world. What made this creole grow and thrive out of its own country, transported to other nations all across the world? This paper will study the unfolding of this creole as well as focus on the way it is spoken in the northeastern United States, since studies show that is where most speakers emigrate to, as stated by Zephir in her works. What will also be discussed is the changes the creole underwent, hand in hand with the various perspectives associated with the creole and the factors that lead to its successful spread. Before even beginning the topic of Haitian Creole’s migration into the United States, it is important to learn more about the language itself. First a brief history on this creole is necessary- to know the origins of this language and the different social and economic factors surrounding it as time passed. As stated before by Arends, Haitian Creole first started from a pidgin between Haitian slaves in the 16th century. As the years progressed, the pidgin was modified, changed, and soon developed into the creole used today. It was spread across Haiti by various media such as television and newspapers until finally in 1987 its official status became verified in the Haitian constitution (St. Fort). One would think that Haitian Creole and French would have equal standing as both co-official languages, but studies have shown that only a small minority speak French while the majorities all know Haitian Creole. This fact has also been confirmed when it’s brought up while interviewing my Haitian friend, Stephanie. She is currently a college student in another CUNY school who agreed to sit down with me for a while to talk about Haitian Creole and her thoughts about her culture in relations to her life in New York now. Stephanie exclaims that although she knows both French and Haitian Creole since she learned them in school, most of her community back home spoke in the creole. Hardly ever was French used, except in formal circumstances. Nevertheless, French is the preferred language when it comes to formal occasions, leaving Haitian Creole behind, being considered the â€Å"second language. † As Joseph had stated in his work, â€Å"The connection between French and Haitian Creole may seem like an example of diglossia, but that is not the case. Only 10% of Haitians know and understand French, while all Haitians are fluent in Haitian Creole. † While Haitian Creole may not be used in formalities, the fact that it is so well-known and used more often than French in Haiti sheds some light into how Haitian Creole has spread out of Haiti. From the percentages Joseph gives, and from what Stephanie had said earlier, one can see that if Haitians migrate elsewhere, they are more likely to bring the Haitian Creole with them instead of French. In doing so, this creole ends up expanding in the area in which it is used. St. Fort states, â€Å"In the Diaspora, Haitian Creole is a living language spoken by more than a million living in North and South America, the Caribbean, Europe, and even in Africa. † For many years now, Haitian immigrants have been pouring into the United States, mainly the northeastern states. The author Zephir describes this Haitian movement towards the north saying, â€Å"Haitian immigration to the United States was initially slow in the first half of the 20th century. While the United States occupied Haiti from 1915-1934, a group of Haitian immigrants came to the United States to flee the occupation of their homeland. There were hundreds of immigrants, mostly from rural Haitian areas. Then in 1951-1960, thousands more Haitians followed. After the 1965 Immigration Act, Haitian immigration shot up. From 1932 until 2000, a total of 414,401 Haitians came legally to the United States. So we can see the reason why Haitian immigrants move to the northeastern states is again revealed by Zephir. She writes, â€Å"The two top cities where Haitians migrate to New York and Boston, followed by Philadelphia, Florida, and other places in the Midwest. New York is especially known for having the largest concentration of Haitians as well as some of the oldest and most established Haiti an communities. An estimate of the Haitians living in New York and the surrounding areas is anywhere from 200,000- 500,000. In Florida, the number is around 270,000, followed by 75,000 Haitians in Massachusetts. † Once these immigrants have settled and communities have sprung up, there is a slow increase in aid and support, helping to link the Haitian community together. The most evident form would be through the media. Now that technology is so developed and everything is more convenient, there is television, radio, and newspapers all using Haitian Creole, catering specifically to the Haitian immigrants. Note that although this media may help unify the community and keep the native language intact, a Haitian immigrant who knows only Haitian Creole will be unable to get out of his social circle and really prosper since he does not know English, which is the more international language. Again, in my talk with Stephanie, she mentioned being surrounded by Haitian Creole upon her first month moving to New York. She spoke the creole with her relatives, could find some Haitian Creole or French channels on the television and even some newspapers. You read "The Appearance and Development of Haitian Creole" in category "Papers" However, upon enrolling into the university, she felt completely lost surrounded by English speaking students. She had to learn English on her own in order to be able to move comfortably and advance in the American community. Such is the case with Haitian children who go to American schools; they must learn to separate their home life, where they may speak Haitian Creole, with their school life, where everything is taught in English and the culture is different. Since Haitian Creole is not an international language such as English, Haitian children may become frustrated since they must quickly adapt to the new school environment. Sometimes they lose interest in the school material and give up effort. Zephir writes that in order to prevent this, â€Å"teachers should understand the unique character of the Haitian community and view Haitian Creole as a language just as important as Spanish or French. Additionally, home language instruction is just as valuable as that in school. † By helping Haitian children to overcome these language differences as well as cultural differences, the teacher can also help the child see his own unique identity- not only as a Haitian but a Haitian-American. Not only Haitian children experience hardships upon migrating to the United States but older speakers who have never had a chance to go to school or learn English have an even bigger barrier separating them from the new country they have come to. Again, as with Haitian children, without being fluent in English these adults are not likely to proceed very far out of their own Haitian communities, much less find good paying jobs to support themselves as well as their children’s’ education. Buxton even states in his article, â€Å"while the low-educated parents all work at low-income jobs, even the more educated parents have not yet obtained jobs on the level they had back in Haiti. † When I asked Stephanie about her Haitian relatives here, she stated they are not completely comfortable with speaking English and have a slight accent. She noted also that because of this, they tended to stay more within the Haitian Creole-speaking circle and communicated mostly with other Haitians. Thus, with just Haitian Creole it is very unlikely any Haitian immigrants can successfully break into the American culture and mainstream life. It is inevitable that with these two languages- French and Haitian Creole, Haitians must face a sort of identity dilemma. Haitians might be bilingual in both languages but the connotations and instances where the two languages are used are very different from one another. French is used in formal settings- therefore the speaker is considered to be more high-class and educated, having an all-around good quality. On the other hand, Haitians are much more comfortable speaking their creole, but being viewed as a â€Å"language for the masses† it is given more negative connotations than French. Haitian immigrants in the United States tend to use Haitian Creole more than French, but even so since they do not know English they are unable to get very far. Only upon mastering English will these Haitians be able to progress out into the American culture. First generation Haitians who have just migrated tend to experience this difficulty of learning another language and trying to get used to life in a different country, but second generation Haitians do not have as much trouble. Even though there are no Haitian immersion programs which help a child learn its â€Å"mother language† and culture, the second generation Haitian children quickly pick up Haitian Creole in the home environment and then just as easily learn English at school. Compared with their parents who are not compelled to use English in a social setting like school, second generation Haitian children quickly catch on to the American culture in school and stick to it, since that is the way of their peers and others their age. In effect, the children sometimes become bilingual in both English and their Creole, or if they are extremely attached to their new-found American culture in school, speak mostly English without practicing their creole. When I asked Stephanie about how she felt if her child later on in the future became more American rather than Haitian, Stephanie thought for a long time. Then she responded that whatever the outcome, she will be happy because she realizes that just knowing Haitian Creole is not enough to get by in this country. If learning English leads the child to becoming more Americanized then she is fine with that, since the child would be proficient in English and have no hindrances in his life. In conclusion we can see that Haitian Creole has an extensive history, from its origins as a pidgin to becoming a co-official language in Haiti to being carried over to the northeastern States via Haitian immigrants. The creole is widely spoken all across the world and is still alive and thriving in each of its speakers. However, the fact that this creole is not an international spoken language such as English poses problems in the way it survives. True it is being spoken by people all around the world but by knowing that one creole alone, a person could not get far in the world. So, usually a person who knows Haitian Creole also speaks another international language- be it English or French. In the United States, Haitian Creole may continue to thrive and grow however not in settings such as schools and offices. Perhaps in more casual settings like homes and neighborhood communities this creole is used, but it probably will never rise to the level of an international language. Many Haitians are trying to enlighten others about Haitian Creole- such as Zephir and St. Fort- and offer the language in universities. Code-switching is also popular with Haitians, as Stephanie tells me more and more she uses both Haitian Creole and English when speaking with her friends at the university. Perhaps with time, Haitian Creole will die out as the generations pass and the children choose to learn more international languages. Or there might be Haitian parents that insist on teaching their child the creole, along with another language, to remember their culture and history. Either way, Haitian Creole is unlikely to reach international status. References †¢ Arends, J. Pidgins and creoles, an introduction. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1995. Print. †¢ Buxton, C. A. , et al. â€Å"The Role of Language in Academic and Social Transition of Haitian Children and Their Parents to Urban U. S. Schools. † Bilingual Research Journal. 2007-8. Print. †¢ Joseph, C. M. B†¦ â€Å"Haitian Creole in NY. † The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2002. Print. †¢ Muhlhausler, Peter. Pidgin and creole linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986. Print. †¢ Stephanie. Personal Interview. July 2012. †¢ Fort, H†¦ â€Å"What is Haitian Creole? †AHAD. AHAD, 2004. December 2, 2011. Web. †¢ Zephir, F.. â€Å"Juggling with Two Cultures: Transnationalism and Hybridity as Cultural Outcomes of Immigration for Haitians in the United States. † Bicultural, Self Identity and Societal Transformation. UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2008. Print. †¢ The New Americans: The Haitian Americans. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004. Print. How to cite The Appearance and Development of Haitian Creole, Papers

Psychology Adolescent Depression Essay Example For Students

Psychology Adolescent Depression Essay The Under AcknowledgedDisease Depression is a disease that afflicts the human psyche insuch a way that the afflicted tends to act and react abnormallytoward others and themselves. Therefore it comes to no surprise todiscover that adolescent depression is strongly linked to teensuicide. Adolescent suicide is now responsible for more deaths inyouths aged 15 to 19 than cardiovascular disease or cancer(Blackman, 1995). Despite this increased suicide rate, depression inthis age group is greatly underdiagnosed and leads to seriousdifficulties in school, work and personal adjustment which may oftencontinue into adulthood. How prevalent are mood disorders inchildren and when should an adolescent with changes in mood beconsidered clinically depressed? Brown (1996) has said the reasonwhy depression is often over looked in children and adolescents isbecause children are not always able to express how they feel. Sometimes the symptoms of mood disorders take on different formsin children than in adults. Adolescence is a time of emotional turmoil,mood swings, gloomy thoughts, and heightened sensitivity. It is atime of rebellion and experimentation. Blackman (1996) observedthat the challenge is to identify depressive symptomatology whichmay be superimposed on the backdrop of a more transient, butexpected, developmental storm. Therefore, diagnosis should notlay only in the physicians hands but be associated with parents,teachers and anyone who interacts with the patient on a daily basis. Unlike adult depression, symptoms of youth depression are oftenmasked. Instead of expressing sadness, teenagers may expressboredom and irritability, or may choose to engage in risky behaviors(Oster ; Montgomery, 1996). Mood disorders are oftenaccompanied by other psychological problems such as anxiety(Oster ; Montgomery, 1996), eating disorders (Lasko et al.,1996), hyperactivity (Blackman, 1995), substance abuse(Blackman, 1995; Brown, 1996; Lasko et al., 1996) and suicide(Blackman, 1995; Brown, 1996; Lasko et al., 1996; Oster ;Montgomery, 1996) all of which can hide depressive symptoms. The signs of clinical depression include marked changes in moodand associated behaviors that range from sadness, withdrawal, anddecreased energy to intense feelings of hopelessness and suicidalthoughts. Depression is often described as an exaggeration of theduration and intensity of normal mood changes (Brown 1996). Key indicators of adolescent depression include a drastic change ineating and sleeping patterns, significant loss of interest in previousactivity interests (Blackman, 1995; Oster ; Montgomery, 1996),constant boredom (Blackman, 1995), disruptive behavior, peerproblems, increased irritability and aggression (Brown, 1996). Blackman (1995) proposed that formal psychologic testing may behelpful in complicated presentations that do not lend themselveseasily to diagnosis. For many teens, symptoms of depression aredirectly related to low self esteem stemming from increasedemphasis on peer popularity. For other teens, depression arisesfrom poor family relations which could include decreased familysupport and perceived rejection by parents (Lasko et al., 1996). Oster ; Montgomery (1996) stated that when parents arestruggling over marital or career problems, or are ill themselves,teens may feel the tension and try to distract their parents. Thisdistraction could include increased disruptive behavior,self-inflicted isolation and even verbal threats of suicide. So how canthe physician determine when a patient should be diagnosed asdepressed or suicidal? Brown (1996) suggested the best way todiagnose is to screen out the vulnerable groups of children andadolescents for the risk factors of suicide and then refer them fortreatment. Some of these risk factors include verbal signs ofsuicide within the last three months, prior attempts at suicide,indication of severe mood problems, or excessive alcohol andsubstance abuse. Many physicians tend to think of depression as anillness of adulthood. In fact, Brown (1996) stated that it was only inthe 1980s that mood disorders in children were included in thecategory of diagnosed psychiatric illnesses. In ac tuality, 7-14% ofchildren will experience an episode of major depression before theage of 15. An average of 20-30% of adult bipolar patients reporthaving their first episode before the age of 20. In a sampling of100,000 adolescents, two to three thousand will have mooddisorders out of which 8-10 will commit suicide (Brown, 1996). .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee , .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee .postImageUrl , .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee , .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee:hover , .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee:visited , .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee:active { border:0!important; } .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee:active , .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4722e1c743b1b74ff44d85dd8f9efcee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Free Media Violences - Mass Mediated Violenc EssayBlackman (1995) remarked that the suicide rate for adolescents hasincreased more than 200% over the last decade. Brown (1996)added that an estimated 2,000 teenagers per year commit suicide inthe United States, making it the leading cause of death afteraccidents and homicide. Blackman (1995) stated that it is notuncommon for young people to be preoccupied with issues ofmortality and to contemplate the effect their death would have onclose family and friends. Once it has been determined that theadolescent has the disease of depression, what can be done aboutit? Blackman (1995) has suggested two main avenues to treatment:psych otherapy and medication. The majority of the cases ofadolescent depression are mild and can be dealt with throughseveral psychotherapy sessions with intense listening, advice andencouragement. Comorbidity is not unusual in teenagers, andpossible pathology, including anxiety, obsessive-compulsivedisorder, learning disability or attention deficit hyperactive disorder,should be searched for and treated, if present (Blackman, 1995). For the more severe cases of depression, especially those withconstant symptoms, medication may be necessary and withoutpharmaceutical treatment, depressive conditions could escalate andbecome fatal. Brown (1996) added that regardless of the type oftreatment chosen, it is important for children suffering from mooddisorders to receive prompt treatment because early onset placeschildren at a greater risk for multiple episodes of depressionthroughout their life span. Until recently, adolescent depression hasbeen largely ignored by health professionals but now several meansof diagnosis and treatment exist. Although most teenagers cansuccessfully climb the mountain of emotional and psychologicalobstacles that lie in their paths, there are some who find themselvesoverwhelmed and full of stress. How can parents and friends helpout these troubled teens? And what can these teens do about theirconstant and intense sad moods? With the help of teachers, schoolcounselors, mental health profession als, parents, and other caringadults, the severity of a teens depression can not only be accuratelyevaluated, but plans can be made to improve his or her well-beingand ability to fully engage life. BibliographyBlackman, M. (1995,May). You asked about adolescent depression. The CanadianJournal of CME . Available HTTP:http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p51-dp01.html. Brown, A. (1996, Winter). Mood disorders in children and adolescents. NARSAD Research Newsletter . Available HTTP:http://www.mhsource.com/advocacy/narsad/childmood.html. Lasko, D.S., et al. (1996). Adolescent depressed mood andparental unhappiness. Adolescence, 31 (121), 49-57. Oster, G. D.,; Montgomery, S. S. (1996). Moody or depressed: The masks ofteenage depression. Self Help ; Psychology . AvailableHTTP:http://www.cybertowers.com/selfhelp/articles/cf/moodepre.html.

The Issue of Constructive Discharge

The memorandum is written to present the requested information on the issue of constructive discharge. The purpose of this memo is to analyze the information presented in the article â€Å"Do I Have a Case for Constructive Discharge?† by John Gallagher and discuss the importance of the article’s content in relation to the problem of constructive discharge and staff turnover at the workplace.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Issue of Constructive Discharge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Constructive discharge claims can become real challenges for employers because of accusing them in supporting the hostile work environment and performing illegal actions. From this point, it is important to determine the conditions according to which discharge claims can be discussed as constructive in order to prevent performing illegal actions and the staff turnover. After analyzing the current researches, stu dies, and legal norms on the issue, it is necessary to pay attention to the article â€Å"Do I Have a Case for Constructive Discharge?† by John Gallagher in which the author discusses the associated employment law issues. The article was found while examining the Internet resources on the issue related to the problem of constructive discharge claims and hostile workplace environment. Many helpful resources were found in the library LexisNexis, the section of Labor and Employment Law. The article by Gallagher was chosen for the discussion because of providing the definition of the hostile work environment and aspects according to which employees have the right to demand the constructive discharge. In his article, the author provides the legal definition of a hostile work environment with references to the actions and situations which can be discussed as hostile in relation to employees. To define a work environment as hostile, it is necessary to state the episodes of sexual ha rassment against employees and occasions of discrimination based on race, age, gender, nationality, and religious views. This definition emphasizes the importance for employers to review the workplace policies to ensure that they are reasonable and legally acceptable in order to avoid the issues of discrimination which can lead to constructive discharge (Gallagher par. 3). Thus, various kinds of discrimination at the workplace are prohibited under the employment laws. Experiencing any type of discrimination, an employee can focus on realizing the constructive discharge.  The situations when employees can be treated unfairly are also connected with the open violation of such laws as the Family and Medical Leave Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act as well as the whistleblower statute (Gallagher par. 4).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employees’ rights are pr otected according to these laws. However, different states provide additional statutes to cover other legal issues connected with the problem of employment.  Gallagher concentrates on the fact which is important to be learned by employers and employees that unfair treatment and immoral treatment leading to constructive discharge includes only above-mentioned points. Thus, many problems in interactions between employees and their bosses and co-workers which can be discussed as immoral cannot lead to constructive discharge because these issues are based on the aspects of communication or cooperation without references to discrimination, racism, or violating the laws. The author states that there should be a substantial claim associated with the hostile work environment or work conditions which prevent employees from working effectively (Gallagher par. 5). It is necessary to accentuate the difference between the intolerable and hostile work environment and interactions between the co lleagues (Gallagher par. 8). The problem is in the fact that the laws do not provide the necessary protection for people who can suffer from the intolerable work environment. Employees and managers should know the difference between the definitions of these kinds of behaviors. The information provided in the article is important for employers because the author presents the detailed list of scenarios which can lead to employees quitting jobs discussed as constructive discharge. Thus, much attention is paid to the problem of sexual harassment as an example of a hostile work environment. It is important to note that the roles of aggressors and managers are discussed equally while analyzing the case of sexual harassment. From this point, the task of the employer is to inform employees and managers about the issue of sexual harassment and possible consequences. The next scenario is associated with the case of discrimination. Employees have the right to claim for constructive discharge, if they experience discrimination according to definite aspects, characteristics, and disabilities. Employees should know the list of aspects which are discussed as violent and discriminating. Gallagher also pays attention to the fact that employees’ claims in relation to discrimination can lead to the managers’ negative reaction. Thus, the problem of an unlawful retaliation claim is also mentioned in the article (Gallagher par. 9). The most problematic category of the laws violations associated with constructive discharge is the violation of the employment laws and acts. Thus, the employer and manager’s mistreatment of an employee based on ignorance of the FMLA or other laws and statutes can lead to the reasonable, constructive discharge because creating the working conditions which are inappropriate according to the laws (Gallagher par. 9).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Issue of Constructive Discharge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Employees should pay attention to the consequences of their claims. If they notice the changes in the employer’s attitude which are closely associated with discrimination or changes in duties, employees have the right for constructive discharge because of employers’ illegal actions and attempts to prevent employees from receiving the benefits guaranteed according to the law. One of the controversial aspects is a whistleblower complaint which is not met peacefully in many organizations, but which is discussed according to the legal norms (Gallagher par. 9). The provided list of scenarios should be carefully examined by employers, managers, and employees in order to predict and prevent the problematic situations and avoid the cases of constructive discharge. The article by John Gallagher is helpful to examine the problem of constructive discharge in detail and develop the effective policy because the author puts emphas is on the fact that the standards for acceptance of constructive discharge claims are high, and they are closely associated with the legal standards required to prove the existence of a hostile work environment. The information provided in the article can be successfully used to inform managers and employees about the necessary requirements for stating the fact of developing the hostile work environment. Moreover, it is important to inform employees that the information about any aspects discussed above as leading to constructive discharge should be shared with management in order to prevent the development of illegal issues. Employers should take into account the information provided in the article because it is based on the current employment laws. Claiming for constructive discharge, employees should realize the conditions according to which their claims can be considered as reasonable because of the complex character of the issue. Works Cited Gallagher, John. Do I Have a Case fo r Constructive Discharge? 10 Oct. 2011. Web. This report on The Issue of Constructive Discharge was written and submitted by user Stella Horne to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Meanings and Variations of Mother

The Meanings and Variations of Mother The Meanings and Variations of Mother The Meanings and Variations of Mother By Mark Nichol Mother derives from the Old English term modor, which is cognate with the Latin word mater and the Greek word meter. (From the Latin term such words as maternal and maternity are derived.) The term refers not only to a female parent but also to a woman in authority, such as the head of a women’s religious community; it was also long employed as a respectful term of address for an elderly woman (as in â€Å"Mother Goose†), though this use is almost obsolete. It may also apply to an origin, precursor, or source, as in the expression â€Å"Necessity is the mother of invention.† A stepmother is a woman who marries one of one’s parents, and a mother-in-law is the mother of one’s spouse. Motherly describes maternal behavior, and motherlike alludes to a resemblance to the qualities of a mother. Motherhood describes the quality or state of being a mother. The verb mother pertains to the act of producing biological or figurative offspring. Motherland describes one’s home country, although the term is most prevalent in Russia and adjacent nations as well as some in the Near East and seldom used elsewhere. Mother Nature is the maternal personification of nature as the source of all that exists in the natural world. Mother also appears in a compound word ending with an obscene term; in this form and by itself it can be, depending on context, a mild epithet or an extreme insult. Open compounds that include the term mother include â€Å"earth mother† (meaning â€Å"a maternal figure†) â€Å"mother cell† (â€Å"a cell in an organism that produces usually different types of cells†), â€Å"mother hen† (â€Å"an overly protective person†), â€Å"mother lode† (â€Å"a primary mineral lode or vein† or â€Å"a primary source or supply†), â€Å"mother wit† (â€Å"natural intelligence or wit†), and â€Å"mother ship† (â€Å"a ship that serves smaller vessels†). â€Å"Refrigerator mother,† a label once applied to cold, distant, unmaternal mothers, was coined as part of a since-rejected theory for the cause of autism. A stage mother, meanwhile, is one who pressures a child to participate in the performing arts and demands special treatment for him or her; the term is derogatory, with the implication that a she is living vicariously through the child. Compounds employing the informal variant mom include â€Å"helicopter mom,† which describes an overly protective mother, as well as â€Å"soccer mom,† a sometimes pejorative term for a specific demographic- a suburban mother who pushes her children to participate in extracurricular activities such as youth soccer leagues- and the related phrase â€Å"hockey mom,† which pertains to inhabitants of geographic regions where ice hockey is prevalent. Expressions that use the term mother follow: a face only a mother could love: said of an unattractive person at (one’s) mother’s knee: alluding to learning something as a child every mother’s son: an evocative way of saying â€Å"everyone† everybody/everyone and (one’s) mother: a hyperbolic expression referring to a crowd the mother of all (blank): a hyperbolic reference to the best or greatest of a type of thing swear/swore on (one’s) mother’s grave: a hyperbolic reference to a solemn confirmation that one is telling the truth because of the association with the sanctity of a parent’s gravesite tied to (one’s) mother’s apron strings: said of a man who has not asserted his independence from his mother Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting

Fashion Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fashion Portfolio - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Portfolio" focuses on the fashion design portfolio. Once I am familiar with the type of fashion industry companies I want to design for, I will then think about what they want to see from me. The research methodology of my paper will include publications, surveys and other techniques in which events like trade shows, forecasting, publications, and cultural events will be visited to gather relevant information. The processes intricate in designing fresh ranges and collections usually begin with researching and gathering information. Fashion designers have inadequate training in research methods and rarely carry out studies thus resulting in intuitive and subjective judgements. Contributing to such problems is the inadequate amount of time existing to do the research and heavy costs of designers gathering information. As a result, research methods which can be used by fashion designers include trade shows, forecasting, publications, and cultural events. In essence, d esigners require drawing upon a varied range of information so as to inform their decision-making in the process of planning and development of design portfolio. In trade shows, I expected to gain knowledge of fashion products and fabrics such as garments. These fashion shows are prearranged by garment and textile fashion companies to present new garment or fabric ranges and the aim is to sell out their products to the fashion designers and buyers. The advantages of appearing in trade shows seemed to be connected to networking.

Information Warfare & Cyberterrorism Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Warfare & Cyberterrorism - Case Study Example According to Hollis (2008), international cyber terrorism has made digital form of storage of information become an insignificant advancement. In this paper, three major cyberterrorism cases that have occurred around the globe will be reviewed. In the three cases, the victims, the aggressors and the motives behind the attacks will be highlighted. In this case the victim was Estonia. Major organizations in Estonia including the government were affected by this particular attack. Major websites in the government were disabled. Financial institutions in Estonia were also affected as their websites were jammed with foreign users (Traynor, 2007). The aggressor in this case was Russia. However, Russia did not take responsibility for the attack, but the victims claimed the attacks were traced back to Russia. Analysts also argued the bitter political rivalry between Russia and Estonia was enough to link Russia to this particular attack. NATO investigated the issue and it was accused of double standards since they refused to directly accuse Russia of the attacks (Traynor, 2007). Major websites in the government were hacked and they were accessible to many foreign people. Additionally, there was a viral attack which disabled many government websites which contained crucial information. To curb the cyber attacks, the government of Estonia and all the affected companies disabled all the affected websites. Additionally, the government disabled all foreign access to the country’s websites. It ensured that only domestic subscribers could view these websites. The victim in this case was Georgia. The county was having political confrontations with Russia, which lasted for many years. After a truce agreement was signed to stop military war between the two nations, the war shifted to cyber attacks. The attacks were politically instigated as Russia was directly blamed for the attacks. Unlike

Cultural Dimensions Affect Negotiations In The Film Business Essay

Cultural Dimensions Affect Negotiations In The Film Business Essay In this highly globalised society in business, numerous global firms are struggling to produce profits and to maximise efficiency. It leads changes of many aspects in structural systems such as production, logistics customer service and so forth. One of derived system to maximise efficiency is outsourcing. A precise definition of outsourcing has not defined clearly yet, it is often viewed as involving the contracting out of a business function to an external provider (Overby 2007) India, where has big scale of population and suffers great population explosion, provides low-priced labour power to global companies, so that makes they create effect of cost reduction. It is clearly portrayed in the movie Outsourced (2006). An American company decides to outsource its call centre to India and an American director, Todd Anderson, is dispatched and commands his Indian employees. In the process, the movie shows that Toad repeats trials and errors and makes a goal achievement through negotiation and motivation for employees. In this paper, it will be analysed how director has done for negotiation in terms of cultural dimension and the way he has motivated employees in the view of motivation theories. Cultural dimensions affect negotiations in the film There have been shown a few negotiation scenes in the film. First of all, according to Hofstedes framework (1980), power distance is the extent to which less powerful members of organisations accept the unequal distribution. The negotiation scene between David and Todd shows that they negotiate in small power distance environment. A small power distance society is less comfortable with power differences such as class distinction organisational ranking than a large power distance culture (Hofstede 1980). It is shown in a liberated conversation between David and Todd while conversing about Todd sent out to India irrespective of rank. Todd could obviously express what he thinks that he does not want to travel to India, whereas it is hardly possible in large power distance culture where a person in a high-level position treats those at lower levels with dignity, but the differences in rank are always clear (Hofstede 1980). In addition, this negotiation is occurred in an American company. According to Hofstede (2001), an index of U.S. power distance is 40 which means American society has relatively small power distance compared to countries has a large power distance such Japan, Venezuela and India. This index supports that they are like to have a small power distance dimension. Another cultural dimension can affect the negotiation is masculinity. In a masculine society, the tough values including success, money, assertiveness, and competition are dominant (Hofstede 2001). While negotiating each other, Todd exposes his assertiveness about going to India and David also menaces Todd with immediate dismissal if he does not move. It can be seen that U.S. index is 62 in the Hofstedes uncertainty avoidance index, which means U.S. is quite a masculine society. Furthermore, it can be seen that they are in a low-context culture. Halls high and low context cultural framework (1976) explains differences in communication styles among cultures. As stated by Hall (1976), a high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalised in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message and a low-context communication is just the opposite. The way Todd exposes his opinion is straight, precisely conveys what he feels like the situation rather than utilising means of tones of voice, timing and facial expression which are considered as major means in high-context culture. U.S. is classified as low-context country by Hall as well (Hall 1976). In this negotiation, it is also seen that Todd seeks after the dimension of affective autonomy. On the word of Schwartz (1992), affective autonomy focuses on individuals independently pursuing positive experiences that make them feel good, and value is put on pleasure and an exciting and varied life. Before he moves to India, the level of his cultural dimension is exactly at the level of only understanding his own culture, not that of understanding others, which means his home country is the only place where can fulfil him affectively. At last, he moves to India and has suffered from unlike culture and atmosphere at the adjustment period. For instance, he really wanted to have a beef burger, but he could not get it at last (he actually got one, but it was not a Beef burger), which can be easily found everywhere in U.S. He also feels pain when he rings girl friend, checks that she is with another guy. Second negotiation is observed in the scene when Todd gets to India and is in process of discord with Indian employees, especially his assistance, Puro, due to cultural differences. Firstly, there is a scene that shows glasses which is located between his office and employees area in the call centre. What he asks Puro is not delivered on time and Todd is not able to understand this situation and annoyed. This can be comprehended in terms of difference of sequential time and synchronous time. According to Trompenaars dimensions of culture (1993), people in sequential time cultures do one thing at a time, make appointments and arrive on time, and generally stick schedules, while people in synchronic time cultures do several activities simultaneously, the time for appointments is approximate, and interpersonal relationships are more important than schedule. Todd, who is from a sequential time country, thinks that every procedure is supposed to be made on time and cannot understand the w ay Puro deals with the task and audaciously reacts against his inquiry. Puro also does not recognise why Todd is upset since Puro is from more synchronous time culture. He just believes that it is acceptable regardless of timing, if delivery is achieved at certain point of time. In addition, Todd desires to secure his territory in the office. According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbecks variations in values orientations (1961), in a society that values privacy such as the U.S., employees think it is important to have their own space. Because privacy is highly valued, higher-status members of an organisation often have larger, more private space (Kluckhohn Strodtbeck 1961). It seems that Todd thinks he needs his own private territory to control loose and unorganised environment by securing it. Secondly, difference of cultural dimension is shown in the scene that Indian employees take some refreshments at some point of work hour. Puro brings some to Todd, but it irritates Todd as he regards it as an unnecessary action. Puro says that he just wants to care him. Puros behaviour in this scene is able to be considered in perspective of femininity. Feminine cultures place importance on tender values such as personal relationship, care for others, the quality of life, and service (Hofstede 1980). People in masculine society like Todd are difficult to understand to an opposed society and think masculine tough values such as success, money and competition are much more important rather than caring for others (Hofstede 1980). Finally Todd grasps Puros real intention and apologises to him. Todd also negotiates with Indian culture itself. At his beginning period in India, he only sticks to his way and shows intention not to admit and accept Indian cultural dimensions. He also argues Indian employees to learn American culture. However, He has changed his mind after some happenings such as Holi, a celebration of colors, and accepting Ashas advice. His behavioural change indicates the dimension of harmony. Schwartz (1992) says that the harmony value type emphasises understanding and fitting in with the environment, rather than trying to change it. Since Todd has accepted this dimension, he wins the public confidence from the locals including his employees and he could makes satisfaction for his life as well. Theories of motivation to Todds experiences throughout the film Motivation is a crucial organisational concept and is undoubtedly needed to run a company properly by inspiring each business constituent member. Robinson defines motivation as the willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organisational goals, conditioned by the efforts ability to satisfy some individual need (1996, p.212). There are two kinds of motivation theories, content and process. Content theories focus on the what, identifying factors that cause people to put effort into work and process theories concern the how, the steps an individual takes in putting forth effort (IBUS 2012 reader, p. 125). It is seen that there are a few scenes to motivate some players in the film. First of all, David tries to let Todd go to India but he resists the offer. In this process, David suggests him to allot stock option as the reward in case of he reaches the goal proposed, otherwise he must quit his job. Todd, in fact, does not want to work aboard, but has to follow Davids suggestion as he has a need to maintain his current status. Psychologist Abraham Maslow (1954) suggested that human beings five basic needs form a hierarchy: from physiological, to safety, to social, to esteem, to self-actualisation needs. If Todd decides not to go to India, he would suffer from financial shortage. That is, two bottom needs of Maslows model, physiological and safety and security needs, would be threatened due to it. It is similar in case that he does not accomplish the offered objective unless he travels to India. However, in this case, Todd can struggle to make the goal so that he is able to stay plus eve n get reward. These goal and reward provide him motivation for his needs. This situation is connected with goal setting theory as well. According to Locke and Latham (1990), goal setting theory focuses on the effect that the setting of goals has on performance. The theory is based on the idea that people are motivated by intentions to work toward a goal (Locke 1968). Goals motivate employees to satisfy higher performance level. In the film, Todd has done everything he can do in order to decrease MPI (Minutes Per Incident) to six, which seems impossible at the beginning stage of the movie. However, he finally achieves the goal and goal setting affects his work process to some extent. On the other hand, Todd could achieve the aimed MPI goal at the end of the film and one of the motive powers, could accomplish it, is from Indian employees support. It could be attained since Todd has begun to understand their inherent culture. When he holds fast to his view at the beginning, he is just a stranger and the whole team could not be as one. By the time he harmonises with employees, MPI index has started to drop off. It can be explained in view of McClellands learned needs theory (1966, 1985). McClelland proposed that three major needs influence peoples behaviour and these needs are not instinctive desires as in Maslows theory, but learned. The need that Todd learned in the film is need for affiliation. It is a concern for establishing and maintaining social relationships, people who have a high need for affiliation like close, friendly relationships with others and prefer cooperative rather than competitive situations (McClelland 1966, 1985). By developing and motivating relationship with employees, the whole team could reach the goal in cooperative way. Motivation for Indian workers and affection of cultural dimension Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory (1968; Mausner, and Snyderman 1959), often called two-factor theory, is that satisfaction and dissatisfaction represent two separate dimensions rather than opposite ends of single dimension. Herzberg (1968, 1959) believed that the resulting two factors, hygiene and motivation, have differential effects on motivation. The hygiene factors, also called extrinsic or context factors, are factors outside the job itself that influence the worker. They include company policy and administration, supervision, relationship with a supervisor, work conditions, salary and security (Herzberg 1968, 1959). In the film, Todd provides employees conditions they want, such as allowing them to wear traditional clothing and to place their personal stuff on the own desks. These are usually used to meet desires for low class worker. The motivation factor, also called intrinsic or content factors, are aspects of the job itself including achievement, recognition, interesting work, responsibility, advancement, and growth (Herzberg 19689, 1959). Todd, as a supervisor, makes a deal that the worker with the best MPI will get to pick the product of his choice from the treasure box. By doing so, it increases achievement and makes employees interesting work and the team accomplishes growth by approaching intended MPI index which is six at last. Todd motivates workers by handling these two factors effectively in ways above. Reinforcement theory also can be applied in the similar way. Skinner (1971) stated that reinforcement theory is that the environment determines peoples behaviour. If individuals receive a reward or reinforcement for what they do, it is likely that they will repeat it. If workers struggle to be the best MPI guy and once he makes it and gets reward, it will motivate workers to repeat hard-working to get to pick the reward. It is feasible because Todd has formed environment workers are able to earn incentives depending on their work achievemen t. Secondly, the expectation theory can be applied to the way they progress operation. It is the theory of motivation makes several important assumptions about peoples behaviour (Vroom 1964). It is largely broke into three parts; Effort-to-Performance expectancy, Performance-to-Outcome expectancy and Outcome Valence (Vroom 1964). Todd specially concentrates on putting effort into virtual operations and gives proper feedback for employees to increase efficiency. And by introducing reward system, it makes employees expectancy high so that it leads satisfactory level of outcome. Todd brings in appropriate method at each operation stage and it turns out positively. By analysing several negotiation and motivation situations, it has been able to be seen that different dimensions and theories can be applied, depends on every individual, individual to individual and country to country and higher to lower hierarchy. Especially the level of cultural difference in the film between India, where is high power distance and collectivism society, and U.S., where has opposition oriented society, is quite high and it could be happened in the real business world. When negotiate with someone has different background, it would be important to figure out counterparts cultural dimension. Also, it can be said that it is significant to have a precise diagnosis of subordinates to run company effectively by motivating and understand its cultural dimensions.